Referanser/Sources

Berger, Joel, Swenson, Jon E, Persson, Inga-Lill: Recolonizing Carnivores and Naïve Prey: Conservation Lessons from Pleistocene Extinctions. Science, volume 291/2001, Feb 9 2001: 1036-1039. The conclusion: "Although prey had been unfamiliar with dangerous predators for as few as 50 to 130 years were highly vulnerable to initial encounters, behavioral adjustments to reduce predation transpired within a single generation. The fact that at least one prey species quickly learns to be wary of restored carnivores should negate fears about localized prey extinction."

Bibikov, D. I.: 1980. "Wolves in the USSR," Natural History, Vol. 89, No. 6, June 1980, pp. 58-63. (Biologist describes Russia's policies toward wolves in populated and in wild areas.)

Bromley, Daniel W. (Editor): "The Handbook of Environmental Economics," Blackwell 1995. ISBN: 1-55786-641-4

Budiansky, Stephen: "The Truth About Dogs." Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2001. ISBN: 0-297-64650-8

Carbyn, L.N., Fritts, S.H., Seip, D.R.: Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a changing world. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, 1992. ISBN 0-919058-93-0

Christie A. McCloud: Wolf Predation on Moose: Do Wolves Control Moose Population Densities? by CENTER FOR THE INTEGRATIVE STUDY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL BEHAVIOR BULLETIN. Feature article from Volume 3, Number 1 (January 1998) 1998 Indiana University.

Crisler, Lois: "Arctic Wild." The Lyons Press. Reprint 1999. ISBN: 1-55821-668-X

Crisler, Lois: "Captive Wild." The Lyons Press. Reprint 2000. ISBN: 1-58574-123-X

Fiennes, R. 1976. "The Order of Wolves." Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indianapolis, New York. 206 pp. (Origin, ecology, characteristics, behavior, domestication, myths.)

Fox, M.W. (Editor) 1975. The Wild Canids. Their Systematics, Behavioral Ecology and Evolution. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. 508 pp. (Includes 5 papers specifically on wolves.)

Fox, Michael W.: "Behaviour of Wolves, Dogs and Related Canids." Krieger Publishing Company Inc. 1971. Reprint Edition 1984. ISBN: 0-89874-686-8

Fox, Michael W.: "The Soul of The Wolf." Little, Brown and company 1980. ISBN: 0-316-29109-9

Futuyma, Douglas J.: "Evolutionary Biology." Sinauer associates Inc. Third Edition 1998.ISBN: 0-87893-189-9

Gittleman, John L,. Stephan M. Funk, David Macdonale and Robert K. Wayne (Editors): "Carnivore Conservation." Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN: 0-521-66537-X

Goodenough, McGuire and Wallace: "Perspectives on Animal Behavior," John Wiley & Sons 2001. ISBN: 0-471-29502-7

Gould, Stephen Jay: "The Structure of Evolutionary Theory." Harvard 2002. ISBN: 0-674-00613-5

Frank, H.: (Editor) 1986. Man and Wolf: Advances, Issues, and Problems in Captive Wolf Research. Dordrecht; Boston; W. Junk. 439 pp. (Based on an international conference hosted by the University of Michigan, Flint, in October 1981.)

Frankham, R., Ballou, J.D., Briscoe, D.A.: "Introduction to Conservation Genetics," Cambridge University Press 2002. ISBN: 0-521-63985-9

Harrington, F. H. and P.C. Paquet (Editors) 1982. "Wolves of the World. Perspectives of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation." Noyes, Park Ridge, New Jersey. 474 pp. (Chapters by many authors; sections on behavior and ecology of wolves in North America, Eurasia and wolves in captivity; conservation.)

Hickman, Roberts and Larson: "Integrated Princoples of Zoology." McGraw-Hill 1997. ISBN: 0-07-114832-9

Laikre L. and Ryman N. 1991. Inbreeding depression in a captive wolf (Canis lupus) population. (BREEDING, CAPTIVITY, EUROPE, GENETICS, SCANDINAVIA) Conservation Biology 5: 33-40.

Laikre, L., N. Ryman, and E. A. Thompson. 1993. Hereditary blindness in a captive wolf (Canis lupus) population: frequency reduction of a deleterious allele in relation to gene conservation. Conservation Biology 7:592-601.

Laikre, Linda: Conservation genetics of Nordic carnivores: Lessons from zoos. Hereditas 130: 203-216 (1999) This paper summarizes results from genetic studies of Nordic carnivore populations bred in captivity. The conservation genetic implications of those results for the management of wild populations of the same species are discussed. Inbreeding depression has been documented in the brown bear, wolf, and lynx populations held in Nordic zoos. The characters negatively affected include litter size (brown bear and wolf) longevity (lynx and wolf), female reproduction, and weight (wolf). In addition, hereditary defects caused by single autosomal alleles occur in the wolf and brown bear populations. These deleterious alleles cause blindness (wolf) and albinism (brown bear) in the homozygous state. The amount of inbreeding depression observed in Nordic carnivores is similar to that documented in other species. The captive populations have the same genetic background as the current wild ones and inbreeding depression is therefore a potential threat to wild carnivore populations in Sweden. This threat is presently not being adequately recognized in the management of these species. Frequently occurring misunderstandings regarding the kind of conclusions that can be drawn from the presented genetic observations are also discussed.

Lopez, B.E. 1979. "Of Wolves and Men." Reprint of 1978 edition. Scribner, New York. 309 pp. (Wolves in religion, folklore, and a broad historical account of wolf persecution in Northern America.) ISBN: 0-684-16322-5

McIntyre, Rick: "A Society of Wolves." Voyageur Press 1996. ISBN: 0-89658-325-2

Mech, L. David: "The Wolf - The ecology and behavior of an Endangered Species." University of Minnesota press 1970. ISBN: 0-8166-1026-6 (A most recommendable biological and ecological exposition. Among people interested in wolf biology and the life of wolves in the vicissitudes of an ever-changing and challenging Nature, this work is unsurpassed and stands out as the definitive wolf book.)

Mech, L. David (Edited by): "The Wolves of Minnesota, howl in the heartland." Voyageur Press 2000. ISBN: 0-89658-464-X. An immensely valuable collection of articles describing how 2600 wolves live in a state consisting of 219 218 km2 where there also exist 4 919 749 humans (April 2001). Scientifically solid as could be expected, it documents that this wolf population far from destroys prey populations or hunting opportunities in Minnesota, and is highly recommendable for everyone who wants to be equipped to successfully take up the cudgels in favor of a sizable wolf population.

Mech, L. David: "The Way of the Wolf." Voyageur Press 1991. ISBN: 0-89658-163-2

Mech, L.D. 1993. Details of a confrontation between two wild wolves. Can. J. Zool. 71:1900-1903.

Mech, L.D. 1975. Disproportionate sex ratios of wolf pups. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 39(4): 737-740. Mech, L.D. 1977. Productivity, mortality and population trend of wolves in northeastern Minnesota. J. Mammal.58(4): 559-574.

Meier, T.J.; Burch, J.W.; Mech, L.D.; Adams, L.G.: Pack structure and genetic relatedness among wolf packs in a naturally-regulated population Pages 293-302 in L.N. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts, and D.R. Seip, eds. Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Occasional Publication No. 35, Edmonton, Alberta 1995. 642 pp. ABSTRACT: Observations of wolf pack dynamics over a six-year period in Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, found high rates of intraspecific strife, wolf pack dissolution and new pack formation, and the acceptance of new wolves into established packs. These observations corroborate genetic studies that found more genetic links between packs, and more genetic diversity within packs, than would be expected if most packs were composed of an unrelated breeding pair and their offspring. Longevity of packs, stability of pack territories, and the incidence of inbreeding all appear to be less than previously suggested, even in the absence of significant human disturbance. The formation of new packs by two or more local dispersers, the acceptance of unrelated wolves into existing packs, and the presence of multiple breeding females within packs would tend to blur genetic distinctions between the packs in a population.

Murie, A.: 1985: " The Wolves of Mount McKinley." University of Washington Press, Seattle. 238 pp. Reprint. Originally published in 1944 by the Government Printing Office (Fauna of the National Parks of the United States Fauna Series, No. 5.)

Peterson, Rolf O.: "The Wolves of Isle Royale." Willow Creek Press, 1995. ISBN: 1-57223-031-2

Ridley, Mark: "Evolution." Blackwell Science 1996. ISBN: 0-632-04292-3

Rothausen, Britta: "Ulven Samson - en ulv blant mennesker." (In Norwegian) This work is actually written with children in mind, but the author, a professional ethologist specializing in wolf AND dog behavior, has done her things well, and this 95-page book is replete with important and significant observations, particularly on the mental and physical superiority of the wolf over the dog. ISBN 82-504-0299-5

Rutter R.J. and D.H. Pimlott 1967: "The World of the Wolf." Lippincott Publishing Co., Philadelphia. 202 pp. (Wolf behavior.)

Smith, D.; Meier, T.; Geffen, E.; Mech, L.D.; Burch, J.W.; Adams, L.G.; Wayne, R.K: Is incest common in gray wolf packs? Behavioral Ecology 8(4):384-391 1997
URL: http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/2000/wfincst/wfincst.htm ABSTRACT: Wolf packs generally consist of a breeding pair and their maturing offspring that help provision and protect pack young. Because the reproductive tenure in wolves is often short, reproductively mature offspring might replace their parents, resulting in sibling or parent-offspring matings. To determine the extent of incestuous pairings, we measured relatedness based on variability in 20 microsatellite loci of mated pairs, parent-offspring pairs, and siblings in two populations of gray wolves. Our 16 sampled mated pairs had values of relatedness not overlapping those of known parent-offspring or sibling dyads, which is consistent with their being unrelated or distantly related. These results suggest that full siblings or a parent and its offspring rarely mate and that incest avoidance is an important constraint on gray wolf behavioral ecology.

Swenson, Jon E.: Does Hunting Affect the Behavoir of Brown Bears in Eurasia? Ursus11:157-162

Unsgård, John, and Vigerstøl, Nils Petter: "Ulv i Norge." (Norwegian) Landbruksforlaget 1998. ISBN: 82-529-2287-2

Wayne, R.K, Lehman, N., Girman, D., Gogan, P.J.P., Gilbert, D.A., Hansen, K., Peterson, R.O., Seal, U.S., Eisenhawer, A., Mech, L.D., Krumenaker, R.J.: Conservation Genetics of the Endangered Isle Royale Gray Wolf. Conservation Biology, Volume 5, No.1, March 1991. ABSTRACT: The small group of wolves on Isle Royale has been studied for over three decades as a model of the relationship between large carnivores and their prey. During the last ten years the population declined from 50 individuals to as few as 12 individuals. The causes of this decline may be food shortages, disease, or reduced genetic variability. We address the issues of genetic variability and relationships of Isle Royale wolves using allozyme electrophoresis, mtDNA restriction-site analysis, and mulitlocus hypervariable minisatellite DNA analysis (genetic fingerprinting). Our results indicate that approximately 50% of the allozyme heterozygosity has been lost in the island population, a decline similar to that expected if no immigration had occurred from the mainland.

Wålberg, Kjell I.: "Ulven." (Norwegian) Grøndahl 1986. ISBN 82-504-8058-6

Young and Goldman: "The Wolves of North America." Dover Publications, reprint of the original from 1944 by the American Wildlife Institute. ISBN: 0-486-21193-2